Actual paid-in capital for newly issued shares can be very different from stated par value for the same stock.
What is "paid-in capital?"
"Paid-in capital" (or "contributed capital") is a Balance sheet item, showing funds that stockholders have invested through the purchase of stock from the issuing company.
When investors buy shares directly from the company, that is, the company receives and keeps the funds as contributed capital (paid-in capital). When they buy shares on the open market, of course, funds go to the investor selling them.
Paid in Capital Adds to Owners Equity
"Contributed capital" ("paid-in capital") is one of the two main categories on the Balance sheet under "Owner’s equity." The other is "Retained earnings." Contributed capital, in turn, has two main components:
- "Stated capital," which is the stated, or par value of the issued shares of stock. The stated capital appears on the example Balance sheet below in the sum of values listed as "Preferred stock" and "Common stock."
- "Additional paid-in capital," which represents money paid to the company above the par value.
Explaining Paid-in Capital in Context
Sections below show how paid-in capital items appear on the Balance Sheet and describe the creation of new paid-in capital in context with related accounting and finance terms, including the following:
Contents
- What is "paid-in capital" ("contributed capital")?
- How do firms acquire paid-in capital when they issue new shares of stock?
- Where does "contributed capital" appear on the Balance sheet?
Related Topics
- For a complete introduction to Owners Equity on the Balance Sheet, see Owners Equity.
- The article Stock Bond Par Value explains the meaning of Par for new stock share issues.
- See Balance Sheet, for a complete introduction to Balance sheet structure, contents, and role in financial reporting.
Acquiring Contributed Capital
Investors Pay Issuers in More Than Par
At a public stock offering, the difference between a stock share par value and the actual market price can be substantial. Par value for a stock is an accounting convention for the "price" initially set by the company. The concept came into use as a way of letting companies announce to the public that they will sell no shares below a certain price (par), to assure investors that no one will receive a more favorable offer.
At a company's IPO (Initial public offering), however, the market price can rise far above par, especially if the investing public has high expectations for company growth and company performance. The same difference may appear at the company's secondary, and subsequent stock offerings to the public. In brief, par value says little about the market's confidence in the company or potential future stock prices. What investors are willing to pay, more than par, however, is viewed as an indicator of future performance. For this indicator, they can look to the separate components of contributed capital on the Balance sheet.
Paid in Capital on the Balance Sheet
Contributed capital (paid in capital) entries on the Balance sheet show up under Owner's Equity, as shown in the lower part of the Exhibit 1 Balance sheet, below.
| Grande Corporation Figures in $1,000's Balance Sheet at 31 December 20YY |
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| ASSETS Current Assets Cash Short-term investments Accounts receivable Notes receivable short term Inventories Prepaid exp, insurance, def taxes Total Current Assets Long-Term Investments and Funds Property, Plant & Equipment Intangible Assets Other Assets Total Assets |
1,369 137 1,832 20 5,986 265 |
9,609 1,460 9,716 1,222 68 22,075 |
|
| LIABILITIES Current Liabilities Long-Term Liabilities Total Liabilities |
3,464 5,474 8,938 |
||
| OWNERS EQUITY Contributed Capital Preferred stock Common stock Contributed capital excess of par Total Contributed Capital Retained Earnings Total Owners Equity |
3,798 4,184 1,457 |
9,439 3,698 |
13,137 |
|
Total Liabilities and Equities |
22,075 | ||